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To curb violence, create jobs for youth
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Story by CHRISTOPHER HART
Publication Date: 2/10/2008


There is a time-bomb ticking in Kenya – and it is not the “issues” that everyone’s talking about. Undoubtedly, there’s a real sense of injustice about who got all the good land, for example, and how they came to acquire it; about who has all the wealth; and whether the government favours one community over the others. But there is a deeper, underlying problem.
It is the huge numbers of unemployed young men in every town and village who see no hope for the future. Without being able to earn money and status, a young man has little chance of ever being able to attract a wife, have a nice home and a family. And so they become angry – and violent. And now they have learned that it pays.
To begin with, their violence was directed towards those they saw as having stolen their land. But now, they have realised that violence gets them what they want. They loot, extort, steal, intimidate, start up protection rackets and erect roadblocks, and the state appears powerless to stop them.
Young men are always the most violent group in society as they are willing to take dreadful risks. Especially if the alternative is a life without hope. And they are most violent wherever there is a big difference in incomes. It is not poverty alone that makes men aggressive. It is the large difference between those who have and those who do not.
Young men’s aggression stays within the law if they believe in their government – and an impartial and effective police force. But if that confidence fails, then they will willingly break the law.
The core problem is that our political leaders are all well over thirty, live in plush houses and have ample security, while the average voter is well under thirty, unemployed and is almost always harassed by the police.
Kenya’s population has grown from 8.6 million in 1962 to almost 37 million now. Over half are under 19 years old. Over 70 per cent are under 30. That is 25.9 million people, of whom 12.4 million are male. Only 1.1 million men are 55 or over; and about 7.7 million men between 18 and 55 want work so that they can support a family. 3.5 million of these are between 20 and 30, and 1.9 million are between 20 and 24.
They cannot all be farmers, as Kenya has only 225,000 square miles of land, yet over three-quarters of us live in the belt of good agricultural land, which runs north-west from Nairobi. The rest is arid. The good land forms only 10 per cent of the total, which means there is only one acre for every 2.5 Kenyans. Clearly, there’s not enough agricultural land to go around.
Over three million people live in Nairobi and more arrive in towns and cities every day looking for work and better standards of living – but jobs are scarce. So the population has grown without similar growth in the number of jobs. Kenyan society now consists of a huge number of impoverished people who have little hope of ever enjoying a good life, a small middle-class and a tiny, incredibly rich elite, whose success often owes much to being in government, and the corruption in every corner of the country.
So if we want to have less violence, we must have a good government. And a police force that catches lawbreakers. Never mind the punishment, it is the likelihood of being caught that makes the difference. Above all, we need jobs – especially for young men. Because they are seething with resentment, and see the government as the cause of their unemployment. And they are right.
Kenyans are hardworking and enterprising. It is not their fault they are poor. Their poverty is due to bad governance, bad agricultural policies, inadequate credit, past policies of import substitution, which, as oil prices rose, made Kenya’s manufacturing sector uncompetitive, and government involvement in the private sector that all went towards making investment unattractive.
Worse still, when people come to believe that factors outside their control determine their success, they enter a state called “learned helplessness”, and stop trying. Huge numbers of unemployed young men are like a tinderbox – ready to be set alight at the slightest affront. So policies must be put in place to give them hope for the future. They need strong positive action, real leadership and vision, and real jobs that put money in their pockets.
Young men only stop being violent when they have work, wives and children. Leave them unemployed and they get up to endless mischief.
The government must put that right by improving delivery of government services and ensuring that the law works – for everyone.
The most urgent problem is that people don’t believe the government is fair. They believe that it makes a few rich and many poor. Kenya must also become a friendly place for business by reducing its regulations. Foreign investors do “take profits overseas”, but they also create skills, pay wages, build infrastructure and put money in the economy since their workers spend their wages locally.
And let us really build some roads! With local labour. It is one of the best uses for tax revenue right now. And almost every shilling paid to labourers will be spent in local shops – and come back to the government in tax.

Christopher Hart is a Nairobi-based psychologist.



February 18, 2008 | 8:35 PM Comments  0 comments

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